The First Years of Fdr s Administration Were Focused on Creating Jobs and Getting the Moving Again
1932: FDR'south Offset Presidential Entrada
The Depression
The depressed state of the U.Southward. economy adamant the 1932 election competition between the incumbent, Herbert Hoover, and the challenger, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. After the dandy stock market crash of October 1929, and its rippling bear on effectually the globe, every aspect of American life felt its effects. By 1932 most a quarter of all workers were unemployed, hundreds of thousands had lost their homes to foreclosure, and tens of thousands of farms were beingness abased in drought-stricken states, setting off a dandy migration to California. Hunger stalked the nation and food lines proliferated in major cities. The homeless ready encampments wherever they could, including in Manhattan's Central Park, and they became known as "Hoovervilles." Private charitable organizations ran out of funds to provide for such basic necessities as food, clothing, and medicine. Governor Roosevelt and his advisors saw these dire conditions and concluded they had to provide relief or people would dice. In a path-breaking first for land authorities, FDR started several employment programs. At the national level, President Hoover did nothing. He was so steeped in the ethos of self-reliance and private philanthropy coming to the assistance of the drastic that he could not make the philosophical jump to empathise the public obligation to assist the nation's citizens when no other options were left. The 1932 election would pivot on these two conceptions of authorities: passive or engaged. Hoover was the condition quo, FDR the symbol of promise.
Nomination and Campaign
Every bit governor, FDR had continued to cultivate his Democratic contacts effectually the country. Thus, his supporters came to the convention in Chicago in late June 1932 knowing they could make an impressive instance for him with his potent credentials in regime service, ideas almost how to fix the economy, and a nostalgic echo of the achievements of his famous cousin, former President Teddy Roosevelt. These assets were enough to overcome the interests of Al Smith, who wanted another chance at the White House, and other regional candidates like Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas. Garner would surrender his pursuit of the top nomination in substitution for the Vice Presidential slot.
FDR came to the convention with the most delegates and won the nomination on the fourth election. He was immediately notified by phone and then, with his family unit, flew to Chicago, a first, and then another milestone: the first time any candidate had appeared in person to take the nomination. In his speech, he called for "a new deal for the American people." That initial catch phrase would become the signature description of his program to rebuild the economy and revitalize the nation. Despite his crippled status, he campaigned vigorously, emphasizing the need to work together to overcome the Depression. In a famous speech to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on September 23, he delivered a vivid primer on the evolution and relationship of governance and economy in a republic, and of the demand to redress the balance between corporate and individual economic rights. In other words, information technology was fourth dimension for the government to take a more activist office in reviving the economy, "distributing wealth and products more than deservedly, of adapting existing economic organizations to the service of the people." He wanted to give Americans a sense that their lives would again be productive, "Every man has a correct to life; and this means that he has also a correct to make a comfortable living."
New Media and Election
It was during this campaign that many Americans would come to know Roosevelt via newsreels and the radio. Indeed, his skillful use of the radio became a signature of his presidency. FDR'due south 1932 campaign appearances were frequently accompanied by "Happy Days Are Hither Over again," probably the well-nigh famous presidential entrada song in American history.
On November 8, 1932, the Autonomous ticket was swept into role. FDR won with 22.eight pop million votes (57%) and 472 balloter votes, and carried 42 of the 48 states. Hoover lost with 15.7 million votes (39%), 59 balloter votes, and carried 6 states. Just Norman Thomas, the perennial Socialist candidate, had a pregnant vote (885,000 votes) among the pocket-size parties. The Democrats also won a majority in the Business firm and the Senate.
Howard Chandler Christy. Re-Elect Herbert Hoover. 1932.
A Progressive Candidate with Constructive Policies. Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1932. (FDRL)
Howard Chandler Christy. America To Our President. The Altogether Ball for the President. January 30, 1934. (Due north-YHS)
Two of these posters are by Howard Chandler Christy (1873-1952), a highly successful artist and illustrator. He made his mark during the Spanish-American War for his portrayals of its leading figures, including so Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. He followed this with elegant depictions of strong, immature American women who became known as "Christy Girls'' – successors to the Gibson Girls – and patriotic World War I posters for recruitment and Liberty Bond drives. He produced numerous mag illustrations, portraits, and a major series of patriotic murals, including "The Signing of the Constitution of the Usa." Unveiled in 1940 in the U.Southward. Capitol Building, information technology was the largest and well-nigh expensive painting commissioned by the government at that fourth dimension. In contrast to other artists of the 1930s, he didn't seem aligned with any particular political political party. As a working creative person he took a range of commissions so that within 2 years he had designed a affiche for Hoover'southward campaign and so one celebrating the thousands of annual events beginning in 1934 – collectively known as 'Birthday Balls' because they were held on FDR's January xxxthursday altogether. They raised coin for the Warm Springs Foundation to intendance for polio victims. Both posters featured cute immature women and patriotic symbols in Christy'south feature romantic style.
In dissimilarity to Christy's work, nearly entrada posters were bearding. This sober photo of FDR reflects the serious issues and hard times. The affiche's slogan, "Constructive Policies," suggested he would practise something important to address the problems of the nation.
Fri Nighttime July 1, 1932: The Big News! (GS)
FDR'southward 1930 landslide re-ballot as New York Governor positioned him well for the Autonomous nomination for president ii years afterward. He is shown here, July 1, 1932, receiving the news of his option as the candidate at the Governor's Mansion in Albany. Of his Convention speech the next evening, one reporter noted, "It was axiomatic that the thousands of people believed they were in the presence, not only of the nominee of the Autonomous Political party, merely of the next President of the United States." FDR inscribed this photograph to his Personal Secretary, Marguerite "Missy" Le Hand.
Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, March 4, 1932. (RH)
The Roosevelts departed for Washington from their New York City home on March 2, 1933, after FDR spent many weeks there planning his administration and making cabinet appointments. Their motorcar traveled to downtown Manhattan along streets lined with auspicious supporters. At Freedom Street the cars boarded a ferry to cross the Hudson River spring for the Jersey City last of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad for the trip to the majuscule.
Two days after, at the inauguration on March 4, 1933, with a bleak Herbert Hoover standing close by, FDR took the oath of office administered by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes. Franklin'south hand was firmly placed on the Roosevelt family'due south 17thursday century Dutch Bible, as he recited every word. His countdown speech fix a tone for his new assistants, confronting the concerns of the country and pledging activity:
This is preeminently a time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great nation will suffer as it has endured, volition revive, and will prosper. So first of all, permit me assert my firm belief that the merely matter nosotros have to fright is…fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to catechumen retreat into accelerate. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and of vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. And I am convinced that you volition over again give that support to leadership in these critical days…. This Nation asks for action, and activity now… We must act and act quickly.
The speech was broadcast live nationally. While Calvin Coolidge was the starting time president whose inaugural address was heard on the radio in 1925, by the time FDR took function millions more Americans had radios. And while prior inaugurations had been recorded on film – starting with William McKinley in 1897 –the newsreels of FDR's swearing in were the first with sound.
Arthur Vincent Mallon, Scrapbook, 1932-1941, and Portrait photo, 1942. (TM)
Arthur Mallon (1913-1980) started working in 1928 when he was 14 years sometime later the decease of his father. He was lucky to have various jobs during the Depression years to help support his family and may fifty-fifty have benefitted from some of the New Deal programs to employ immature men. An involvement in politics, and admiration for FDR, inspired his scrapbook which starts with news of the 1932 election and the cease of President Hoover's term. It continues with the start of Roosevelt'due south first term through 1936 and his re-election; the terminal few pages have news from 1937 to 1941. Mallon joined the Army in 1942, was trained as a medic, and eventually assigned to England where he cared for troops injured in Europe. Demobilized in 1946, he returned to his sales chore and raised a family in the New York surface area. Even later on in life later he became a Republican, he retained his regard for FDR. He told his son, author Thomas Mallon, that he believed the President'south programs had "saved the United States from a revolution."
Stars of the Stage, Screen and Radio for Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democratic Nominee, October 16, 1932. (MCNY)
FDR at Hollywood Bowl in 1932
During his almost 9,000-mile cross-country entrada trip by train, FDR traveled along the California declension to Los Angeles. On September 24, 1932, he spent a long day among cheering crowds, with a parade – viewed by 200,000 people – luncheon, and finally an afternoon speech at the famous Hollywood Bowl. An evening of amusement at the Los Angeles Olympic Stadium was organized past Democrat Jack Warner, of Warner Brothers, and Will Rogers, a star for the Fox Film Visitor, was the emcee. Warner brought a whole core of his contract players, including James Cagney, Bette Davis and Edward G. Robinson to back up the Democratic ticket in the 1932 ballot and those that followed. Warner Brothers produced movies that supported FDR's policies and later was among the kickoff studios to make anti-Nazi films. This remarkable "ticket" for a entrada event in New York Metropolis at the Astor Hotel features the names of many well-known celebrities in the entertainment business concern.
FDR and Polio
FDR became ill with polio in August 1921 while vacationing at the family's summertime home on Campobello Isle off the coast of Maine. The affliction paralyzed his legs and he never walked again. He was fitted with crutches and steel braces and used a wheel chair in private. He underwent physical therapy and sought a cure in the waters of Warm Springs, Georgia, simply experienced no comeback. He later acquired Warms Springs and fix a ambulatory centre in that location for other "polios." In 1938 he founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, popularly known as The March of Dimes, to collect plenty money to provide care and pay for research to develop a vaccine to protect against the disease.
By the time FDR ran for president he had learned how to motion – to appear to be walking – without using crutches. He would firmly link artillery with his oldest son James, or an adjutant, for back up on one side of his body, and then used a cane in his free mitt. With the muscles he had adult on his powerful torso, he was able to swing his legs, which were rigidly encased in his steel braces. For his inaugural speech, Americans saw FDR 'walk' (move) slowly to the rostrum deeply on the arm of his son, showing the nation his strength – his mastery of motion in spite of his bedridden legs – to inspire hope and repair the economy.
FDR's Traveling Cane and Case. c.1930s. (GS)
Shown here is FDR's traveling cane which could easily be assembled with either a curved or straight pinnacle, for day or evening use as needed; both tops featured FDR'south monogram. While FDR was known past virtually Americans to be bedridden, the severity of it was subconscious. From the very get-go days of his illness, his family unit, friends, and staff assisted in disguising the extent of his disability. At a time when concrete weakness was ofttimes perceived as mental weakness likewise, a political career would take been out of the question without this strategy. The press respected these boundaries and didn't photo him every bit he was being helped or carried, or sat in a wheelchair. All of FDR'southward public appearances (and photos and newsreels) were carefully managed to bear witness him fully able and capable of carrying the burden of office. I reporter noted during the 1932 campaign "a general impression of a pleasing personality whose gallant fight against a severe physical handicap won him much sympathy."
FDR's Cigarette Holder. c.1930s. (GS)
FDR was non just known for his cane just also for his cigarette holders. Like many men of his generation he was a heavy smoker, consuming at to the lowest degree a pack a day. This is 1 of several holders that he owned and used and is believed to be the i he is holding in this photograph. The holder and its cushioned leather case are both quite worn and testify heavy employ. At the time, the serious consequences of heavy smoking were not well understood, although FDR's medico did suggest him to cut back in after years because the habit was causing health problems.
In contrast to his smoking, FDR drank in moderation, favoring martinis before dinner. Like many other Americans, he disapproved of Prohibition and past 1932 supported its repeal. In Feb 1933 Congress passed the 21st Amendment to disengage the eighteenth Amendment and by December of that yr it had been ratified, making the sale of alcoholic beverages legal again where permitted by local and state police force.
Roosevelt Aides in Chicago. June 19, 1932. (RH)
Original ACME photograph explanation: "At the Roosevelt headquarters in the Congress Hotel, Chicago. Left, Mrs. Jean South. Whittemore, Democratic Committeewoman from Puerto Rico; middle, Adelaide Cahill, Secretarial assistant to James Farley, Roosevelt Campaign Manager; correct, Louise Hack, Roosevelt secretarial staff."
Immediately Subsequently Hearing the Good News, July one, 1932. (RH)
Original International News photo caption: "FDR at the Governor's Mansion, Albany, later on learning of the nomination with Eleanor Roosevelt and sons Elliott (left) and John (right), July one, 1932. Should he be elected these members of his family, with others at the Chicago 'forepart' may grace the White House in Washington."
Auspicious Roosevelt at Pittsburgh, Oct 19, 1932. (RH)
Original ACME photo caption: "Part of the cheering thousands that greeted Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt at Pittsburgh the night of October 19th equally the Autonomous presidential nominee arrived to attack the Republican budget balancing."
"Cactus Jack and Franklin D. (1932)" from Election Songs of the U.s. by Oscar Brand. Released: 1960. Rail 23 of 26. Genre: Folk.
APPENDIX: TABLE OF PRESIDENTS
Source: http://www.roosevelthouse.hunter.cuny.edu/seehowtheyran/portfolios/1932-fdrs-first-presidential-campaign/
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